Stool Color & Texture Changes Symptoms

Changes in stool (feces) color are
often harmless and reflect dietary
influences. The normal brown color
of stool occurs due to the presence
of bilirubin. Bilirubin is formed as a
breakdown product of hemoglobin
(from red blood cells) in the liver
and is secreted into the bile, which
enters the intestines. If the
intestinal contents travel at a
normal speed, chemical changes in
bilirubin produce stool that is light
to dark brown. The stool may appear
green if the intestinal contents pass
through the bowel more rapidly.
Changes in the color of stool are
common and are generally not
significant if the changes are noted
from one stool to the next and are
not persistent. However, changes in
the color of stool can also be caused
by a number of minor to serious
medical conditions and can occur
with certain medications. Changes in
stool color that are persistent and
do not occur in only one stool may
signal the presence of a medical
condition and should be evaluated.
Certain persistent changes in stool
color are characteristic for specific
conditions:
black, foul-smelling stool: intestinal
bleeding (typically from the stomach
and upper small intestine) due to
ulcers, tumors; ingestion of iron or
bismuth
maroon stool: intestinal bleeding
(from the middle intestine or
proximal colon) due to ulcers,
tumors, Crohn's disease, ulcerative
colitis
clay-colored stool: lack of bile due to
blockage of the main bile duct
pale yellow, greasy, foul-smelling
stool: malabsorption of fat due to
pancreatic insufficiency, as seen with
pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer , cystic
fibrosis, celiac disease

symptoms of Ascites
Mild ascites is hard to notice, but
severe ascites leads to abdominal
distension. Patients with ascites
generally will complain of progressive
abdominal heaviness and pressure as
well as shortness of breath due to
mechanical impingement on the
diaphragm.

Ascites is detected on physical
examination of the abdomen by
visible bulging of the flanks in the
reclining patient (“flank bulging”),
“shifting dullness” (difference in
percussion note in the flanks that
shifts when the patient is turned on
the side) or in massive ascites with a
“fluid thrill” or “fluid wave” (tapping
or pushing on one side will generate
a wave-like effect through the fluid
that can be felt in the opposite side
of the abdomen).

Diabetic nephropathy: stages

Diabetic nephropathy may be
classified as occurring in five stages*:

Stage 1
hyperfiltration: increase in GFR
may be reversible

Stage 2 (silent or latent phase)
most patients do not develop
microalbuminuria for 10 years
GFR remains elevated

Stage 3 (incipient nephropathy)
microalbuminuria (albumin excretion
of 30 - 300 mg/day, dipstick negative)

Stage 4 (overt nephropathy)
persistent proteinuria (albumin
excretion > 300 mg/day, dipstick
positive)
hypertension is present in most
patients
histology shows diffuse
glomerulosclerosis and focal
glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wi
lson nodules)

Stage 5
end-stage renal disease, GFR typically
< 10ml/min
renal replacement therapy needed
The timeline given here is for type 1
diabetics. Patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM) progress
through similar stages but in a
different timescale - some T2DM
patients may progress quickly to the
later stages

SYMPTOMS OFPOLY CYSTIC
SYNDROME-

- Irregular or no menstrual periods
-Patients have abnormal
menstruation-menstrual period gap is
35 days to 6 months, approximately
3-6 menstrual periods per year) or
secondary amenorrhea (an absence of
menstrual for 6 months).
-Dysfunctional uterine bleeding and
infertility are the other consequences
of anovulatory menstrual cycles
-Chronic anovulation. (Absence of
egg)
-Some women have Oligomenorrhoea
(means very less menstrual
bleeding…)
-The menstrual irregularities in PCOS
usually manifest around the time of
menarche.
-Obesity, weight gain, Obesity is
present in nearly half of all women
with PCOS.
-In women, metabolic syndrome is
characterized by abdominal obesity
(waist circumference > 35 in.),
-Excess hair growth-Hair is commonly
seen on the upper lip, chin, around
the nipples, and in lower abdomen.
-Some patients have acne and/or
male-pattern hair loss (androgenic
alopecia).
-Hyper androgenism clinically
manifests as excess terminal body
hair in a male distribution pattern- A
few patients may also propriate
remedy for you.

HOMOEOPATHIC TREATEMENT FOR
POLY CYSTIC SYNDROME-

Caulophyllum, useful to women with
a history of irregular periods,
discomfort during periods and pain in
the pelvic region. Weakness,
exhaustion and want of tone are the
keys to this remedy
Lachesis, which may be used to
promote blood circulation to the
reproductive organs, regulates
menstruation cycles and correct
uterine problems. When Left sided
ovary is affected. The patient is hot.
Symptoms aggravates after sleep.
Lycodium, which may relieve sweet
cravings, insatiable appetites,
extended periods, bloating,
indigestion, constipation, insomnia
and anxiety. When Right sided ovary
is affected. Prescribed for hot
patients.
Nat. Mur, which may reduce
inflammatory skin conditions such as
eczema and vertigo, and may alleviate
PMS. It clears oily skin. For Sad and
gloomy patient. Thermal is hot.
Usually for young girls
Sepia, a general tonic for the female
reproductive system, revitalizing the
uterus, ovaries and vagina.
Pulsatilla. Scanty menstruation with
absence of thirst. Patient will be mild
and yielding. There will be an
intolerance to fatty food.
Phosphorus, platina, calc carb,
Ignatia ..etc.

Network of blood vessel circulation in brain

Network of blood vessel circulation in
brain

The vast network of blood vessels in
the brain is surrounded by a sheath
of cells called astrocytes that are part
of the glial cells of the nervous
system. The astrocytes help convert
glucose to lactate to help regulate
the brain’s need for energy to run
the body.

Hyperkalaemia causes

7 A‘s
Artifact
Aldosterone antagonist
Addison’s disease
Acidosis
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blocker
Anti-inflammatory

Treatment (if >7mmol/L) is 10mL of
10% calcium gluconate IV over 1
minute; to stabilise the action
potential of the cell membrane

Syphilis

Syphilis characterized by 4 stages-
primary ,secondary ,latent ,tertiary!!

Primary syphilis-PRAISE

P-painless lesion
R-regional lymphadenopathy
A-cArtilagenous consistency of lesion
... I-indurated lesion
S-single lesion
E-exudation with discharging serous
fluid

Secondary-CAMP

C-condylomata lata
A-associated lesions(opthalm
ic,osseous,meningeal)
M-mucocutaneous lesion,mucous
patches
P-pruritic papules
Latent-+ve serology;no clinical
manifestation

Tertiary-CLASS

C-cardiovascular disorder
L-late benign sypillis(gummata)
A-asymptomatic nuerosyphilis
S-symptomatic nuerosyphillis